Gardening tips: From our garden to yours
Tricks of the trade
Hiding out
Many insects survive through camouflage. This buff tip moth is an expert at sitting on just the right birch log to become almost invisible to birds and other predators.
All eyes
Peacock butterflies startle potential predators by opening and closing their wings to reveal what appear to be the eyes of a much larger creature.
It's a trap
Sundew plants grow in poor soils and complement their diet by catching unsuspecting flies with sweet, sticky droplets on their leaves.
A sign of danger
Yellow and black stripes are often a signal of danger. This can be used to warn off predators even when you’re quite harmless like this caterpillar of the cinnabar moth.
Dressing up
One way to trick an insect into passing your pollen is to dress up as its mate. With its resemblance to a female bee, the bee orchid is a master at this. Some orchids also release a female scent.
Special relationships
Flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them have evolved alongside each other for millions of years in intricate give-and-take relationships. Primitive plants such as magnolias evolved long before bees and flies existed and are designed to be pollinated by beetles.
In most cases, where bees, butterflies and other pollinators are involved, the plant’s lure is sweet nectar and the pay-off, a free pollen courier service. Plants like bee orchids have adopted a particularly sophisticated way to attract their chosen insect. The centre of the orchid looks like a female bee. This attracts male bees, who fly in to try to mate with it and inadvertently end up pollinating the flower.
Other plants produce flowers with flamboyant look-at-me petals and intricate mechanisms to ensure that the pollen is successfully transferred from one plant to another to ensure fertilisation. The horse chestnut tree has taken this a step further with flowers that have patterns called nectar guides, which direct bees to where they’re needed most. As individual flowers become fertilised, the colour of the patterns turns from conspicuous yellow to invisible red, in the bee's eyes that is.
Can you suggest a range of flowering plants to attract insect pollinators?
Grow plants that flower from spring to autumn to give continuity. Bees love herbs such as thyme and marjoram. Primrose, lungwort, foxglove, coneflower, ivy, ox-eye daisy are also good.
How can I control greenfly on my roses without harmful chemicals?
Firstly, don’t worry about a few pests as they provide food for insects like ladybirds and help to maintain a balance. For major outbreaks, use ‘contact’ insecticides like soap-based ones that are less harmful.
Should I feed birds during spring and summer?
What garden birds and their young most need during the breeding season is a natural diet of insects and caterpillars. Well mulched beds and borders provide a rich menu of prey, including worms, caterpillars and beetles.
Supermarkets are short of fresh herbs, what grows well in a window box?
It’s a good time of year to sow annual herbs such as basil, dill and coriander. Start the seeds off indoors before transplanting them to a sunny window box.
How do I care for sage and lavender?
As perennial herbs from the Mediterranean, lavender, thyme and sage all prefer sunny, dry conditions. You’ll need to give them a hard prune in late spring to keep the plants compact.
What's the trick for growing parsley?
A little boiling water in the seed tray before sowing the seeds helps to break down their tough coating. Then put the tray in a warm place until they germinate.
Can I use bay leaves straight from a tree?
Yes, though the flavour is more subtle. Make sure you wash them, as they can have been on the tree for some time and tend to get dusty.
What do I do with all the herbs I've grown?
At this time of year many herbs are flourishing and producing leaves faster than you can use them up in the kitchen. First of all, don’t panic, they are beautiful plants in their own right, so enjoy their foliage and flowers as part of the garden.
Secondly, they store well for use in the winter months when they tend to be much less prolific. You can chop the leafy herbs (parsley, basil, coriander, mint) and freeze them in ice-cube trays, so they are ready in small quantities to use. Alternatively put the leaves in bags to freeze. They will crumble when frozen so that you can just pour out what you need.
Many shrubby herbs dry really well. Sage, rosemary, thyme and bay can be hung in bunches around your kitchen to use in cooking or as herbal teas.
Herb oils and vinegars also work well for making flavoured salad dressing. Just put a healthy bunch of leaves (tarragon is a great one) in a bottle of your favourite oil or vinegar and leave it for a month or so to infuse.
Keeping on top of the weeding
Are all weeds bad?
No! Weeds growing around garden plants are best removed as they compete for light, water and nutrients but weeds like nettles in the corner of the garden and dandelions in the lawn are great for wildlife.
How do I get rid of weeds?
Annual weeds which grow from seed now have small roots and can just be pulled off by hand. Perennial weeds often have deeper roots and you need to use a handfork to get them out.
Can I ever get rid of bindweed?
Yes. Use a fork to dig deeply and pull out all the annoying white roots. Even a little bit left in the ground will regrow but if you keep digging it out, every time it appears, it will give up eventually.
What do I do with all my garden waste?
You can compost it. Weeds, grass clippings and hedge-trimmings mixed together compost brilliantly. If you don’t have a compost bin, make one with boards or an old dustbin or even just pile it up. If you have space, two bins is ideal.
What else can I add to my compost heap?
Add your veg peelings, eggs shells, egg boxes and coffee granules to your compost heap but avoid any cooked food which could attract unwanted visitors such as foxes or rats.
What do I use compost for?
Compost made from garden waste is great for adding to the soil in flower beds and veg plots. It can be dug in or spread on top. It is different from multi-purpose potting compost which has been specially formulated for growing plants in.
Can I put all my weeds in the compost?
In many garden compost heaps it takes about a year for the garden waste to turn into compost. During this time all annual weeds and thick fleshy roots like dandelions and thistles will definitely rot down.
However, because these kinds of heaps never get very hot, some perennial weed roots and seeds of annual weeds may survive. This is why many gardeners put the worst weeds such as bindweed and ground elder in their council green waste bin instead. Huge council compost piles get very hot and kill most weeds, seeds and plant diseases too.
With green waste collections not happening and recycling centres closed, you can add your weeds to your compost instead. Just make sure you chop them up well and turn the heap every few months so it gets nice and hot. When your compost is ready and you use it on vegetable beds or in border and seeds or bits of root start to germinate, you can just hoe them off or fork them out as soon as you see them.
The very worst weeds, like mare’s tail and celandine tubers, can be soaked in a bucket of water for a few weeks to kill them before adding them to the heap. If you add some nettles or comfrey, the green gloopy liquid will make an excellent feed for plants in pots.
To dig or not to dig?
Attitudes towards digging have changed. Every time earth is turned over the soil structure is damaged and carbon is released. It’s better to top dress with compost, leaf mould and manure, and let the worms do their work.
Why do I need to thin seedlings?
If seedlings are too crowded they will not thrive, so if you have sown in the open ground thin twice. First leave twice as many plants as you will need. At the second thinning remove every other plant in the row.
Why do I need to earth up potatoes?
May can still bring a late frost which would damage exposed shoots. Earthing up helps to keep the stems upright, and prevents the tubers from being exposed to the light, which can make them go green.
What is the purpose of mulching?
Both peas and beans specially need moisture to produce a good crop. In very dry weather, instead of watering, spread grass mowings, decayed leaves or compost to a depth of one inch along each side of the rows.
Which birds are your friends?
Robin, wren, hedge sparrow, song-thrush and many others will be looking for food for hungry nestlings, and in doing so will help you keep garden pests under control.
